Finally, C. Worth stressing is that the effects of native Fucoids on Caulerpa switched from negative to positive when moving from larger to smaller sized species i. Body size is acknowledged among the traits that can regulate the ability of an introduced species to get established into a new region Davis and references therein , but little is known about the role it plays in determining resistance to invasion.
Our results suggest that the size of resident species, influencing abiotic conditions and resources availability, may represent an important predictor of community resistance to invasion.
Opposite effects of different species of Cystoseira on space colonization by Caulerpa suggest that their clumping into a single group e. On the other hand, morphological variation within the genus Cystoseira promoted resistance to invasion via complementary effects.
According to environmental conditions, Cystoseira spp. In the Adriatic Sea, C. Using descriptive data from October , we found a negative correlation between C. Likewise, the cover of Caulerpa was poorly correlated with that of C. Species belonging to the genus Cystoseira , which are characterized by large and sinking eggs and zygotes, typically have low dispersal Mangialajo et al.
As shown in other systems, exceeding a disturbance intensity threshold may be necessary to overcome the resilience of extant assemblages Petraitis and Latham Reducing canopy cover of stands which included C. Failure of C. Thus, a moderate disturbance applied to C. This prevents gaining an insight into the relative contribution of complementary and identity effects in generating invasion resistance to invasion at the highest native species richness level.
Although previous studies have found no effect of species evenness on invasion Mattingly et al. A different scenario emerged when a severe disturbance was applied to native macroalgal stands at the beginning of the experiment. Total removal of macroalgal canopies promoted the formation of monospecific stands of C. Thus, the intensity of disturbance played a pivotal role in regulating community invasion resistance by determining the size of the niche opportunity and, hence, the intensity of the positive or negative effects delivered to native or exotic opportunistic species.
Spatial scale and intensity of disturbance are key in determining the magnitude of the competitive release afforded to opportunistic species Norkko et al. Our results do not rule out the possibility that cleared plots might have been colonized by Caulerpa at some stage after the disturbance was applied. Nonetheless, C. As suggested in Figure 1 , positive effects of intense disturbance on invasion resistance can be expected whenever weakened species richness effects are overcompensated by the selection of native traits that confer competitive advantage over potential invaders.
Positive effects of dominance by highly competitive species on community resistance to invasion from Caulerpa have been recorded also at low levels of disturbance. This suggests that dominance by species characterized by marked differences in competitive ability Ceccherelli et al. In the case in which a single diversity mechanism is overarching, resistance to invasion can be expected to peak at different points along a gradient of disturbance intensity i.
Competitive and ruderal strategies are expected to be dominant when disturbance intensity is low and high respectively Grime Knowledge of life traits associated to these strategies Grime , as well as those that characterize a given invader, may form the basis for predicting how dominance, at either low or high intensity of disturbance, may influence invasion success.
Enhanced resistance to invasion following an intense disturbance is not at odds with widely documented positive effects of disturbance on invasibility Daehler ; Moles et al. Our conceptual model, drawing from broad ecological theories, such as the IDH and the BRH, may provide a useful framework to predict the effects of disturbance on invasion success through a mechanistic understanding of underlying processes.
Experimental studies encompassing broader gradients of disturbance and native species richness and testing for the effects of more attributes of disturbance e. Appendix S1. Description of thallus morphology of the different species of Cystoseira. Appendix S2. Appendix S3. Appendix S4. Relationships between Caulerpa and Cystoseira spp. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Ecol Evol v.
Ecol Evol. Published online Feb Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Biological invasions threaten biodiversity worldwide.
Introduction Concerns over the ecological, social, and economic consequences of the establishment of invasive species have generated a substantial interest in the factors that regulate community resistance to invasion Mack et al. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Source of variation C. Conflict of Interest None declared. Supporting information Appendix S1. Click here for additional data file. References Arenas, F. The invasibility of marine algal assemblages: role of functional diversity and identity.
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Lee E. We also thank to the two anonymous reviewers for helpful remarks to the first draft of the manuscript. Marcin K. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Marcin K. Reprints and Permissions. Dyderski, M.
Low impact of disturbance on ecological success of invasive tree and shrub species in temperate forests. Plant Ecol , — Download citation. Received : 10 June Accepted : 26 September Published : 01 October Issue Date : November Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search SpringerLink Search. Download PDF. Abstract Disturbance is claimed to be one of the most important triggers of biological invasions. Introduction Biological invasions are one of the major threats to biodiversity Mack et al.
Materials and methods Species studied As model species, we used the three most frequent woody alien species invading forest ecosystems in Europe Wagner et al.
Study design In the study area, we established 21 block sites nine for Q. Data analysis Using data about vegetation species composition for each study plot, we calculated community-weighted means CWM of disturbance indices proposed by Herben et al. Full size image. For regression parameters see Online Resource 3 Full size table. Discussion Impact of disturbance on vegetation species composition Our study revealed that disturbance was the second factor characterizing vegetation species composition.
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